Sharar da hasken rana zai karu da sama da kashi 4000 cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.Shin masana'antar sake yin amfani da hasken rana tana shirye don sarrafa waɗannan kundin?Tare da buƙatar sabbin bangarori suna ƙaruwa da yawa kuma ƙarancin kayan aiki, tseren yana kan gaba.
Solar panelsake yin amfani da su yana zama babban kalubale.Mahimmanci ga dabarun sifiri na Burtaniya, makamashin hasken rana zaɓi ne mai dorewa kuma mai dorewa ga kasuwanci da gidaje, kuma yana girma cikin sauri.
A cikin 2021, Burtaniya ta kara 730MW na sabon karfin hasken rana, wanda ya kai yawan adadin zuwa 14.6GW, karuwar kashi 5.3 cikin 100 daga 2020, kuma - a cikin kwata na biyu na 2022 - hasken rana ya ba da gudummawar kashi 6.4 na yawan wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya.A cikin dabarun Tsaron Makamashi na Afrilu, Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu (BEIS) ta tabbatar da cewa, nan da shekarar 2035, ana sa ran tura hasken rana na Burtaniya zai karu sau biyar, wanda zai dauki gaba daya zuwa 70GW: kusan kashi 15 na hasashen Burtaniya (da haɓaka) buƙatun wutar lantarki, a cewar McKinsey.
Batun da ke fitowa shine abin da za a yi game da na'urorin hasken rana da zarar sun kai ƙarshen rayuwarsu na shekaru 30.Yayin da bunkasuwar kasuwa ke ci gaba da karuwa a nan gaba, haka nan za a kara tabarbarewar tarin sharar rana.A cewar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IRENA), an yi hasashen kasar Burtaniya za ta samar da sharar hasken rana ton 30,000 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.Bugu da kari, ana hasashen za a iya samun karuwar rusassun bangarori a kasuwa a cikin 2030s, lokacin damasu amfani da hasken ranadaga millennium fara faɗuwa.Hukumar ta IRENA ta yi hasashen sharar duniya daga na'urorin hasken rana zai kasance tsakanin tan miliyan 1.7 da miliyan takwas a shekarar 2030.
Bugu da ari, yuwuwar cikas a cikin samar da albarkatun ƙasa, tare da buƙatar fale-falen da aka saita don wuce samar da kayan aikin budurwa.
Matsin lamba yana haɓaka don masana'antar sake amfani da hasken rana don ƙara ƙarfinta don ɗaukar haɓakar rusassun bangarorin da tallafawa kera sabbin na'urorin hasken rana.A watan Yuli, Sam Vanderhoof, kwararre a masana'antar hasken rana, ya ba da shawarar cewa - a duk duniya - ɗaya daga cikin bangarori goma na hotovoltaic (PV) ana sake yin fa'ida tare da sauran suna ƙarewa a cikin ƙasa, kuma yana nufin bayanai daga IRENA.
Ka'ida & yarda
A cikin UK,Ana rarraba bangarorin hasken rana a bisa ka'ida kamarLantarki da LantarkiKayan aiki(EEE), a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun nau'i na 14. Kamar yadda irin wannan, PV panels suna rufe da Dokokin Waste EEEE (WEEE);Ana lura da ƙarshen rayuwarsu kuma an riga an fara haɓaka ingantaccen kayan aikin sake amfani da hasken rana.
Masu kera hasken rana dole ne su shiga cikin Tsarin Yarda da Producer (PCS), bayar da rahoton ton da aka gabatar wa kasuwa da samun bayanan yarda don rufe sake amfani da waɗannan rukunin nan gaba.Dole ne su kuma yi wa samfur alama don ba da shawara ga masu amfani da wuraren jiyya na abun da ke ciki da kuma zubar daidai.
A halin yanzu, masu rarraba dole ne su tattara samfuran ƙarshen rayuwa.Dole ne su sami hanyar dawo da sharar PV ko ba da gudummawa ga tsarin da gwamnati ta amince da shi.
Duk da haka, a cewar Scott Butler, Babban Daraktan Material Focus, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka samu daga kudaden biyan kuɗi na WEEE, akwai wasu la'akari daban-daban da za su shafi farfadowa da hasken rana: "Tare da PV za ku yi tsammanin za a sami dangantakar mai sakawa/deinstaller don gidaje.Duk da cewa kayan gida ne, ba abu ne da mutane da yawa za su iya sarrafa kansu ba.
"Ina tsammanin cewa cirewar dole ne ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun masu rijista don manyan lantarki… kuma suna iya zama mabuɗin sarrafa wannan [sharar gida].Duk da yake yana da wahala saboda ba a tsara su don sarrafa sharar ba, ba abu ne mai wuyar zama mai ɗaukar shara ba.”
Butler ya lura cewa masu amfani da hasken rana a yanzu suna gabatowa ƙarshen rayuwa na iya zama ƙalubale don sake yin amfani da su saboda bambancin masana'antu: "Game da sake yin amfani da su, ina tsammanin ƙalubale tare da PVs zai kasance fahimtar sinadarai saboda, musamman a farkon, akwai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na hada-hadar sinadaran da ke faruwa.Abubuwan da za su fara fitowa yanzu sun tsufa sosai, shekaru 20 suna da tsayi sosai.Don haka kila akwai gibin bayanai da za a iya toshewa game da wanda ya sa abin a kasuwa da abin da yake.”
Hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su
Hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su don bangarori daban-daban sun bambanta bisa ga tsarin tsarin hasken rana, wanda aka fi sani da su shine tushen silicon.An san su don iyawa da sassauci, bangarorin siliki na hasken rana sun ƙunshi kashi 73.3 na kasuwa a cikin 2020;Fim ɗin bakin ciki ya kai kashi 10.4 cikin ɗari da kuma bangarorin da aka ƙera daga wasu kayan (masu fenti, mai da hankali na hoto, ƙwayoyin halitta) sun wakilci sauran kashi 16.3 cikin ɗari (Chowdhury et al, 2020).
Lokacin tattara, kowanePV panelyana da wuya a wargajewa.Za a iya cire firam ɗin aluminum da akwatin haɗin gwiwa kawai;Babban ɓangaren ƙalubale shine takardar gilashin lebur, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙarfe da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe, robobi da kayan semiconductor.Game da hanyoyin magance jiyya, ƙalubalen ba fasaha ba ne, kamar yadda pyrolysis, rabuwar cryogenic (daskarewa), da shredding na inji sun kasance azaman dabarun rabuwa don kayan daban-daban.Babban kalubalen shi ne cewa bangarorin PV ba sa haifar da sharar gida mai kama da sharar marufi ko abubuwan da ake amfani da su tare da ɗan gajeren rayuwa.Sabili da haka, babbar tambaya ita ce ta tattalin arziki: wanene zai saka hannun jari a cikin layin jiyya wanda ba shi da masaniyar lokacin da sharar gida zai zo?
Fina-finan bakin ciki sun haɗa da tsarin jiyya, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin matakai don dawo da fili na ƙarfe 'cadmium telluride' da kyau a muhalli.Yayin da mafi ƙarancin zaɓin zaɓi, ɓangarorin fina-finai na bakin ciki suna da ingantacciyar amfani da kayan aiki, gidaje mai sirara mai sirara, adana farashi da carbon yayin masana'antu.Wadannan bangarori suna yin aiki mafi kyau a cikin ƙananan haske da kuma a kusurwoyi 'mafi girman', masu amfani ga facade na tsaye da facade.
Don dawo da kayan, an yanke bangarorin PV na bakin ciki na fim don cire lamination, kafin a raba tsattsauran ra'ayi da ruwa ta hanyar jujjuyawar juyawa.Ana cire fim din ta hanyar amfani da acid da peroxide, sannan a cire kayan interlayer tare da rawar jiki, yayin da sauran gilashin da karfe suna rabu kuma an dawo dasu.
Sake amfani da hasken rana a sikelin
Duk da yunƙurin sake yin amfani da su a halin yanzu suna ƙaruwa akai-akai, a halin yanzu kashi 80 zuwa 95 cikin ɗari na kayan aikin hasken rana ne kawai aka dawo dasu.Don ci gaba da wannan, kamfanin kula da sharar gida Veolia yana jagorantar wani aiki don kawo cikakken aikin sake amfani da hasken rana akan sikelin masana'antu, a cikin wani aiki mai gudana wanda EIT RawMaterials ke tallafawa.ReProSolar yana haɓaka ingantaccen tsari don sake yin amfani da bangarorin ƙarshen rayuwa, yana ba da damar duk abubuwan haɗin PV na tushen silicon don a dawo dasu.
Yin amfani da fasahar delamination don raba tantanin halitta daga farantin gilashi, tsarin jiki da sinadarai sun dawo da duk kayan, gami da tsarkakakken azurfa da silicon, ba tare da lalata samfuran PV ba.
Haɗin gwiwa tare da FLAXRES GmbH da ROSI Solar, biyukamfanonin fasahawaɗanda ke haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin kwato albarkatun ƙasa daga bangarorin PV, aikin zai gwada yuwuwar a kan sikelin masana'antu a ƙarshen shekara, tare da ton 5,000 na samfuran PV da aka soke da za a sarrafa su kowace shekara a wata masana'anta a Jamus a cikin 2024.
Kasuwancin cikakken tsarin sake yin amfani da shi shine mabuɗin don saduwa da ƙalubalen kasuwa na yanzu, yana kawo wadataccen wadataccen kayan aikin PV da aka kwato don biyan buƙatun fanatoci da kuma sarrafa dumbin sharar hasken rana.
Ana iya samun fa'idar tattalin arziƙi mai yawa daga dawo da abubuwan haɗin PV masu daraja yayin da buƙatu ke ƙaruwa.Azurfa, alal misali, yayin da yake lissafin kashi 0.05 na nauyin panel, ya kai kashi 14 cikin 100 na darajar kasuwar sa.Sauran karafa masu kima da iya dawo da su sun hada da aluminum, jan karfe, da tellurium.A cewar Rystad Energy, yayin da kayan da aka kwato daga bangarorin PV na ƙarshen rayuwa a halin yanzu suna da darajar dala miliyan 170, an saita su fiye da dala biliyan 2.7 a cikin 2030.
Sake fasalin hanyoyin hasken rana
Baya ga sabbin abubuwan da aka kirkira a duniya na sake amfani da hasken rana, ana kuma sake fasalin zanen bangarorin tare da sake amfani da su.The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) ya bayyana sabon ci gaban su 'Design for Recycling' (D4R) solar panels a watan Disamba 2021, kerarre zuwa karshen rayuwa la'akari.Fanalan, tare da gwajin tsawon shekaru 30, an tsara su don rarrabuwa cikin sauƙi ba tare da lahani ba.
Falon, wanda aka lullube shi da foil mai mannewa, yana riƙe da haɗe-haɗen hanyar faɗakarwa don rarrabuwar sel da firam.Tsarin yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi kuma bai ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba ba.
Ana gudanar da binciken ne ta ayyuka guda biyu, na farko shine aikin DEREC, wanda ya ƙirƙira tare da gwada bangarorin D4R akan ƙaramin ma'auni don tabbatar da tsaftataccen wargajewar su biyo bayan rayuwar sabis na kwaikwayi.Daga nan aikin PARSEC zai haɓaka fasahar zuwa cikakken girman bangarori na D4R don kasuwanci da amfanin zama.
Duk da yake shi ne bangarorikerarrekusan shekaru 30 da suka gabata waɗanda ke haifar da ƙalubale na yanzu ga masu sake yin fa'ida, bangarorin D4R na iya sauƙaƙa aikin sake amfani da panel don ciyar da masana'antar gaba.Kuma, ban da sabbin fafutuka, ƙungiyar tana binciken dabarun sake yin amfani da su don samfuran fale-falen hasken rana na yanzu, don cimma tsaftataccen siliki don sake amfani da su.
A karshe
A taƙaice, waɗannan sabbin abubuwa suna nuna alƙawarin a cikin mayar da hankalinsu kan tallace-tallace, ko da yake damuwa ya kasance kan ko za a cika ma'aunin da ake buƙata, tare da duka juzu'i na ɓangarori biyu da buƙatun sababbi.Koyaya, idan ƙoƙarin yin ciniki ya yi kyau, kuma idan ana iya isar da shirye-shiryen kera bangarori daga kayan da aka kwato gaba ɗaya, masana'antar hasken rana tana duban tattalin arzikin madauwari mai ƙarfi.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-11-2023